PPL Principals of Flight 01

Basics, laws and definitions

1 / 64

The reported headwind is 20 kt. What is this in m/s roughly?

2 / 64

What is 120 lb (pounds) in kg (kilograms)?

3 / 64

What is 100 kg of fuel in pounds (lb)?

4 / 64

The aeroplane's speed indicator shows 180 km/h IAS. What is that in knots (KIAS) rounded to the nearest whole number?

5 / 64

What is 2200 NM in kilometers (km)?

6 / 64

Approximately what is 37,000 ft in km?

7 / 64

You require a minimum of 200 kg of fuel for a cross-country flight. The fuel slip states that 442 pounds of fuel has been uplifted. The performance mass and balance limit the maximum fuel to 220 kg. May you take off?

8 / 64

What does Newton's First Law state?

9 / 64

Which of the following is correct according to Newton's 2nd Law?

10 / 64

Which of the following is correct according to Newton's 3rd Law?

11 / 64

Based on Bernoulli's principal, select the correct option:

12 / 64

Based on Bernoulli's principal, which of the following is correct if the flow velocity is reduced?

13 / 64

What does Bernoulli's equation state?

14 / 64

According to the Law of Continuity for an incompressible flow, which option is correct?

15 / 64

Based on Bernoulli's Theorem, if the flow velocity is increased then:

16 / 64

Which option is correct according to the Law of Continuity for incompressible flow?

17 / 64

What is the ISA value for air density at sea level?

18 / 64

How is density usually denoted?

19 / 64

What is the principal difference between IAS and TAS?

20 / 64

How is the airspeed measured on aeroplanes?

21 / 64

If climbing with a constant IAS, what will happen to the TAS?

22 / 64

Which of these phenomena is dynamic pressure a function of?

23 / 64

When calculating the velocity from the dynamic pressure, which density is assumed by the basic airspeed indicators?

24 / 64

Where can total pressure be measured?

25 / 64

What does the term "incompressible" mean?

26 / 64

What is the maximum camber of an airfoil?

27 / 64

Evaluate the following statements about 2D and 3D flow? 1. A 2D flow is a flow in which the components of the flow remain in a plane, such as a flow around a wing profile having a finite span. 2. A 3D flow is a flow in which the components of the flow extrude in all three axes of space, such as a flow around a wing having a finite span.

28 / 64

How is a "streamline" defined?

29 / 64

What is the aerodynamic lift?

30 / 64

Which of the following options defines aerodynamic drag most accurately?

31 / 64

The angle of attack (AoA) is the angle between the:

32 / 64

The angle of attack is defined as:

33 / 64

What is the "mean camber line" of a cambered wing profile section?

34 / 64

How is the "relative camber" defined?

35 / 64

For a standard tapered wing:

36 / 64

Refer to figure ppl-080-001. Which of the following wing planforms represents a tapered wing?

37 / 64

Consider the 'Aspect Ratio' (AR), what is its unit?

38 / 64

What is the aspect ratio of a wing having surface area of 20 m2 and a wingspan of 10 m?

39 / 64

For a rectangular wing, aspect ratio (AR) can be expressed as:

40 / 64

Define "Aspect ratio" (AR):

41 / 64

How is the "chordline" best defined?

42 / 64

The aerodynamic forces are usually calculated by the following general formula: Cl: dimensionless coefficient, ρ: density, V: velocity, S: surface area, MAC: Mean Aerodynamic Chord

43 / 64

In aerodynamics, what is the resultant force?

44 / 64

How can Lift be empirically calculated?

45 / 64

How can drag be empirically computed?

46 / 64

Refer to figure ppl-080-001. Which of the following wing planforms represents a swept-back wing?

47 / 64

Evaluate the following statements about 2D and 3D airflow: 1. A 2D flow is a flow in which the components of the flow remain in a plane, such as a flow around a wing profile having an infinite span. 2. A 3D flow is a flow in which the components of the flow extrude in all three axes of space, such as a flow around a wing having an infinite span.

48 / 64

Taper ratio is most commonly expressed as:

49 / 64

100 N of Force exerted on an object with 11.013 lb (pounds) of mass, what is the acceleration?

50 / 64

What is 1,500 feet (ft) in meters (m) approximately?

51 / 64

Evaluate the following statements about 2D and 3D flows? 1. A 2D flow is a flow in which the components of the flow remain in a plane, such as a flow around a wing profile having an infinite span. 2. A 3D flow is a flow in which the components of the flow extrude in all three axes of space, such as a flow around a wing having a finite span.

52 / 64

What is the most significant influencing factor on lift and drag in 2D flow?

53 / 64

What is the "relative thickness" of an airfoil?

54 / 64

How can the resultant force be calculated empirically: (cR: dimensionless coefficient, ρ: density, v: velocity, S: surface area, MAC: Mean Aerodynamic)

55 / 64

How can the resultant force be calculated empirically?

56 / 64

How can you calculate lift, if: 1. cL = 1 2. S = 20 m2 3. v = 10 m/s 4. Density is standard sea-level density

57 / 64

Evaluate the following statements about 2D and 3D flows: 1. A 2D flow is a flow in which the components of the flow remain in a plane, such as a flow around a wing profile having a finite span. 2. A 3D flow is a flow in which the components of the flow extrude in all three axes of space, such as a flow around a wing having an infinite span.

58 / 64

If the pilot descends with a constant IAS, what happens to the TAS?

59 / 64

For incompressible flow in a "venturi", which of the following is true?

60 / 64

What does the Law of Continuity state?

61 / 64

A runway 2,200 m long, What is its equivalent lenth in ft (feet) rounded down to the nearest whole number?

62 / 64

What are aerodynamic forces a function of?

63 / 64

What is the SI unit for "density"?

64 / 64

Refer to figure ppl-080-001. Which of the following wing planforms represents a rectangular wing?

Two-dimensional airflow around an aerofoil

1 / 14

What can one determine from analysing streamlines?

2 / 14

What does a closer distance between streamlines about a body mean?

3 / 14

What does a closer distance between streamlines about a body indicate?

4 / 14

Which of the following options best describes the: Pressure distribution about a symmetrical airfoil at 0deg of angle of attack (AoA)?

5 / 14

What does a greater distance between the streamlines (compared to the free-stream distance) about a body?

6 / 14

What is a practical application of the "stagnation point"?

7 / 14

What pressure acts on the stagnation point?

8 / 14

A positively-cambered airfoil produces __(1)__ lift, at __(2)__ degrees angle of attack (AoA).

9 / 14

How does the center of pressure (CP) of a cambered airfoil move with increasing angle of attack (AoA)?

10 / 14

How can the pilot increase the angle of attack (AoA)?

11 / 14

How can the pilot decrease the angle of attack (AoA)?

12 / 14

What will an increment in the angle of attack (AoA) result in?

13 / 14

How would you define the "stagnation point"?

14 / 14

How does increasing the angle of attack (AoA) influence lift?

Coefficients

1 / 26

Which of the following options lists the variables needed to calculate lift?

2 / 26

How does lift depend on the lift coefficient?

3 / 26

Which of the following options lists the variables needed to calculate drag?

4 / 26

The parasite drag of an aeroplane is 1800 N. If we double the airspeed with all other factors being constant, how much will it be?

5 / 26

The parasite drag of an aeroplane is 1800 N. How much will it be if we double the surface area, (assuming all other factors constant)?

6 / 26

What is the dimension of the lift coefficient?

7 / 26

What is the correct version of the lift formula from the options below? (cL: lift coefficient, ρ: density, V: velocity, S: surface area)

8 / 26

What is "induced drag" caused by?

9 / 26

What does the induced drag coefficient equal?

10 / 26

The cL-alpha graph is considered to be: __(1)__ until, __(2)__.

11 / 26

Which of the following options best describes the pressure distribution around a symmetrical airfoil at -4deg AoA (angle of attack)?

12 / 26

Refer to figure ppl-080-002. Which of the following figures represents a cL-alpha curve for a positively cambered airfoil profile?

13 / 26

Which of the following options best describes pressure distribution around a positively cambered airfoil, at an angle of attack (AoA) corresponding to the "zero lift angle of attack"?

14 / 26

A negatively-cambered airfoil produces: __(1)__ lift at __(2)__ degrees of angle of attack.

15 / 26

Refer to figure ppl-080-002. Which of the following figures represents the cL-alpha curve for a negatively cambered airfoil profile?

16 / 26

At which point does strong separation of the airflow typically occur over the airfoil?

17 / 26

Refer to figure ppl-080-002. Which of the following represents a cL-alpha curve for a symmetric airfoil profile?

18 / 26

What is the definition of the center of pressure?

19 / 26

A symmetrical airfoil profile produces: __(1)__ lift at __(2)__ degrees of angle of attack.

20 / 26

Which of the following options best describes the pressure distribution about a symmetrical airfoil at +4 degrees AoA (angle of attack)?

21 / 26

How does the center of pressure of a symmetric airfoil move with an increase in angle of attack?

22 / 26

How does the center of pressure of a cambered airfoil move with decreasing AoA (angle of attack)?

23 / 26

Increasing the AoA (angle of attack) of a cambered airfoil profile below the critical angle of attack: The center of pressure __(1)__, and the transition point __(2)__.

24 / 26

How does the CP (center of pressure) of a symmetric airfoil move with a decreasing AoA (angle of attack)?

25 / 26

0 deg AoA (angle of attack) causes: __(1)__ lift for __(2)__ airfoil.

26 / 26

Which option best describes the effects of strong separation on an airfoil's performance

Three-dimensional airflow round a wing and a fuselage

1 / 17

What happens to the streamlines if the wing is considered finite (finite wingspan) in contrast to the 2D flow pattern?

2 / 17

How is the three-dimensional relative airflow quantified?

3 / 17

Define the induced angle of attack:

4 / 17

What generates the "induced angle of attack"?

5 / 17

Which of the following options describe the characteristics of a wing tip vortex life?

6 / 17

You approach the runway right behind a large airliner. How will the wing tip vortices of this airliner rotate, with reference to your current position?

7 / 17

In 3D flow, what is the correct statement regarding the (geometric) angle of attack?

8 / 17

Complete the sentence: If ......, then induced drag increases.

9 / 17

Among other factors, what does the magnitude of the wing tip vortex depend on?

10 / 17

The heavier the preceding aeroplane:

11 / 17

Complete the following sentence: The lower the aeroplane velocity, the ......

12 / 17

What influence does the aeroplane's mass have on the wing tip vortices?

13 / 17

The strength of the wake turbulence, among other factors, depends on which of the following factors?

14 / 17

What do wing tip vortices cause?

15 / 17

What does the induced angle of attack cause?

16 / 17

Which of the following statements about wake turbulence is correct?

17 / 17

Wing tip vortices cause __(1)__ and, thus __(2)__ effective angle of attack.

Drag

1 / 11

Total drag of the wing is the sum of which of the following options?

2 / 11

The total drag of the wing is the sum of which of the following forces?

3 / 11

Where is the minimum value of total drag achieved?

4 / 11

What shape does the induced drag versus velocity curve have?

5 / 11

How is the induced drag affected by the speed of the aircraft?

6 / 11

If we double the airspeed, what happens to the induced drag?

7 / 11

What shape does the parasite drag vs speed curve have?

8 / 11

Parasite drag is the sum of which of which of the following components?

9 / 11

How does the parasite drag change with speed?

10 / 11

What happens to the parasite drag if we double the airspeed?

11 / 11

An advantage of retractable landing gear (when retracted), reduces what?

Ground effect

1 / 6

What does the 'ground effect' have on aircraft on performance:

2 / 6

When entering ground effect:

3 / 6

When entering ground effect, what happens to the downwash of the wing?

4 / 6

When does the pilot take ground effect into practical consideration?

5 / 6

What does airborne acceleration in ground effect assist with?

6 / 6

When leaving the 'ground effect', what happens to the induced angle of attack and induced drag?

cLmax augmentation

1 / 13

Lowering a trailing edge device __(1)__ the maximum lift coefficient, and hence __(2)__ the stall speed.

2 / 13

In general, the more a trailing edge flap is deflected, the more it __(1)__ the maximum lift coefficient, therefore the more it __(2)__ the stall speed.

3 / 13

What is the most effective type of trailing edge device listed below?

4 / 13

Flap jam may cause __(1)__, resulting in __(2)__ moments which may be difficult to balance out.

5 / 13

To fly the same airspeed with flaps deflected, compared to a clean configuration in straight & level, steady flight:

6 / 13

Deploying/deflecting the trailing edge devices effectively: __(1)__ stall speed, and __(2)__ landing distance.

7 / 13

How can trailing edge devices reduce the stall speed?

8 / 13

Generally, the more a trailing edge flap is deflected, the more it __(1)__ the maximum lift coefficient and the more it __(2)__ the drag coefficient.

9 / 13

When is the appropriate flap deflection beneficial/advantaeous?

10 / 13

A plain flap increases the maximum lift coefficient of the wing. How does it affect your stall speed (all other factors constant)?

11 / 13

Fowler-type flaps increases the surface area and the maximum lift coefficient of the wing. How does it affect the stall speed (assuming all other factors constant)?

12 / 13

Fowler-type flaps increase the surface area and the maximum lift coefficient of the wing. If you lower them and start a manoeuver at the same time, increasing the load factor. How does it affect your stall speed (all other factors constant)?

13 / 13

What do slats as opposed to trailing edge devices create?

Aerodynamic degradation

1 / 8

Rime ice usually builds up close to the __(1)__, while clear ice __(2)__.

2 / 8

Which of the following phenomena distorts the profile shape of an airfoil during the flight most?

3 / 8

Which of the options is the most difficult to spot (identify) during a pre-flight check?

4 / 8

What is the correct option concerning ice accretion?

5 / 8

What does icing cause during flight?

6 / 8

Icing causes performance degradation due to which of the following factors?

7 / 8

Icing can cause controllability problems due to which of the following reasons?

8 / 8

Ice formation may lead to:

The stall

1 / 42

What happens when the angle of attack (AoA) nears the critical angle of attack?

2 / 42

Which of the following boundary layer types is more resistant to separation?

3 / 42

Which of the following boundary layer types separates more easily?

4 / 42

Where on the aircraft is it advantageous to have a turbulent boundary layer?

5 / 42

The friction drag created by a laminar boundary layer is:

6 / 42

What lists the key indicators of aerodynamic separation during flight?

7 / 42

Which of the following options list the signs of the stall (impending stall)?

8 / 42

What is the term 'stall'?

9 / 42

Strong (Notable) airflow separation is: __(1)__, and might lead to __(2)__.

10 / 42

You realise that your stall warning sounds are accompanied by an aerodynamic buffet and an inability to maintain altitude. What should your actions be?

11 / 42

You always fly your aircraft with a half tank of fuel. On another day, with exactly the same conditions (density altitude etc.), except you need to fly full tanks to have enough fuel for a long cross-country flight. After take-off, you climb with the same airspeed as usual, but you experience a buffet. What can the cause be?

12 / 42

You are flying in cloud/mist, at -5 deg C, with pitot-heat and carb heat on. You experience strong aerodynamic buffet and cannot maintain altitude at 65 kt, whereas your stall speed in straight and level flight is 58 kt. There is no aural or visual stall warning. What are your actions?

13 / 42

What is correct regarding a descending steep turn?

14 / 42

Where does the stall initiate along the wingspan of an untwisted, rectangular-planform wing?

15 / 42

where does the stall initiate along the wingspan of an untwisted, rectangular-planform wing with the ailerons deflected?

16 / 42

Along the wingspan of an untwisted and strongly tapered-planform wing, what stall characteristics does it have?

17 / 42

What happens to a rectangular wing planform, when the critical angle is exceeded:

18 / 42

Where does the stall occur along the wingspan of a twisted, strongly tapered-planform wing:

19 / 42

Where does the stall initiate along the wingspan of an untwisted, swept-back wing?

20 / 42

Increasing altitude: __(1)__ stall speed in TAS, and __(2)__ stall speed in IAS.

21 / 42

How does stall speed change if mass of the aeroplane is reduced (assuming all other factors constant)?

22 / 42

With all other factors constant, how does the stall speed change, if the mass of the aeroplane is increased?

23 / 42

What does a forward center of gravity have on the stall speed?

24 / 42

The stall speed of an aeroplane is 60 kt in steady, straight and level flight, in the clean configuration. What will it be approximately in a 60 deg bank coordinated turn?

25 / 42

What is the load factor in a steady, coordinated turn, using a bank angle of 60 deg?

26 / 42

The stall speed for your aircraft is 55kt at sea level, you read 65kt from your airspeed indicator at 5000ft. Are you in a stall provided that all other factors remain unchanged?

27 / 42

Which statement is correct regarding a climbing turn?

28 / 42

You are in a high-bank angle turn, and suddenly the buffet onset and stall warning sounds. What are the appropriate actions?

29 / 42

How does a stall warning device usually work on SEP/MEP (piston) aeroplanes?

30 / 42

How is the stall warning indicator tested to see if it is functional?

31 / 42

If an aeroplane is not fitted with any kind stall warning device, then:

32 / 42

What is an incipient spin is caused by?

33 / 42

Flying close to your stall speed, you abruptly deflect the ailerons, as if you want to make a right turn (left aileron down, right aileron up), what is likely to happen?

34 / 42

The power idle stall speed is ...... as/than the power on stall speed.

35 / 42

Which option is correct regarding a climbing power-on stall?

36 / 42

Which of the following statements is correct regarding T-tailed aeroplanes?

37 / 42

When the critical angle of attack is exceeded for a rectangular wing, what happens to the center of pressure?:

38 / 42

What happens to the boundary layer on the wing when exceeding the critical angle of attack?`

39 / 42

When flying close to the stall speed, what may an asymmetric upward gust lead to?

40 / 42

Why is a spin is a very dangerous phenomenon?

41 / 42

You have accidentally entered into a spin. What are your recovery actions?

42 / 42

Heavy rain can cause which of the following problems?