PPL Meteorology 01

Composition, extent and vertical division

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What is the lowest layer of the atmosphere?

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The atmosphere of Earth is composed of:

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The troposphere contains __(1)__ of the total mass of the planetary atmosphere, and __(2)__ of the total mass of water vapour and aerosols.

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From the planetary surface of the Earth, the average height of the troposphere is __(1)__ in the tropics; and __(2)__ in the high latitudes of the polar regions.

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Where does most weather phenomena occur?

Air temperature

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Sometimes, the temperature in the lower layers of air increases instead of decreasing with elevation. This condition, opposite to the normal vertical distribution of temperature, is known as:

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Transfer of heat by the vertical movement of a mass or substance from one place to another, is called:

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Refer to the METAR. At approximately what height is the cloud base expected? LGSR 200850Z 21007KT 9999 FEW 17/10 Q1022

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What is the process of heat transfer from a warmer object to a cooler object when they come in contact with each other?

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0 °F is:

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Evaluate the statements: 1. All objects whether hot or cold emit radiant energy continuously 2. Hotter objects emit more energy per unit area than colder objects

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The temperature of an object determines the __(1)__ of radiation, the __(2)__ the object, the shorter the length of the wave.

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__(1)__ is the rate of temperature change occurring within a rising or descending air parcel, and its value is not highly variable. __(2)__ is the rate of decrease of temperature with altitude in the stationary atmosphere at a given time and location. It is __(3)__.

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If unsaturated air rises far enough, its temperature will reach its dew point temperature, __(1)__ will begin to form. This altitude is known as the __(2)__.

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On the Fahrenheit scale, water freezes at __(1)__ and boils at __(2)__ (at sea level).

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The Earth's surface radiates energy to the atmosphere in the form of __(1)__ waves This energy __(2)__ the atmosphere from bottom to top

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Temperature inversion takes place only under certain specific conditions such as:

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Evaluate the statements: 1. The oceanic winds have the capacity to take the moderating influence of the sea to coastal areas. 2. The leeward side or the interiors do not get the moderating effect of the sea, and therefore experience extremes of temperature.

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On the Celsius scale and at sea level, water freezes at __(1)__ and boils at __(2)__

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The temperature remains almost the same in the lower part of __(1)__ up to the height of 20 km After this, the temperature __(2)__ slowly with the increase in the height The temperature __(3)__ due to the presence of ozone gas in the upper part of this layer

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Which of the following statements is correct or incorrect? 1. The Greek word diabatos means passable (from the word diabainein to cross over). 2. In thermodynamics diabatic means transfer of heat. The 'a' at the start of the word adiabatic means without, so 'adiabatic' means 'no heat transfer'.

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The transfer of heat through horizontal movement of air (wind) is called:

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Frontal or advectional type of temperature inversion:

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Evaluate the statements: 1. The temperature of an object can affect some properties of the object such as the length of a solid, or the gas pressure in a closed vessel, or the electrical resistance. 2. Two objects are in thermodynamic equilibrium when they have the same temperature.

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The temperature within the ICAO standard atmosphere __(1)__ with __(2)__ height in the troposphere.

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If the environmental lapse rate is between the moist and dry adiabatic lapse rates, then:

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The dry adiabatic lapse rate for the Earth's atmosphere is __(1)__ per km. Thus, the temperature of an air parcel that ascends or descends 5 km would fall or rise __(2)__, respectively.

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If the environmental lapse rate is less than the moist adiabatic lapse rate, then:

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When air is hot, it tends to __(1)__, which __(2)__ its density.

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The upward-moving and expanding parcel of air does work, __(1)__, it __(2)__ energy, so that its temperature __(3)__.

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As heat is added to a gas, the molecules move __(1)__. This increased motion causes a small increase in the volume, or amount of space, taken up by most materials. There are devices that use the expansion of a substance to give an indirect measure of temperature. Such devices are called __(2)__.

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20 °C is:

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A surface temperature inversion:

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The angle of incidence or the angle which the sun's rays make with the earth's surface, determines the amount of solar radiation which a particular place on the Earth will receive. The area covered by the vertical rays is always __(1)__ than the slant rays. If more area is covered, the energy gets distributed and the net energy received per unit area __(2)__.

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Evaluate the statements: 1. Under given conditions, the temperatures of 10 ml and 100 ml samples of boiling water are equal. 2. The more kinetic energy the particles of an object have, the higher is the temperature of the object.

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A turbulence inversion:

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In a __(1)__ gas, the molecules __(2)__ than in a __(3)__ gas.

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Evaluate the statements: 1. Very small suspended particles in the troposphere scatter visible spectrum both to space and towards the Earth's surface. This process adds colour to the sky. 2. Absorption of solar radiation takes place if the obstructing particles happen to be water vapour, ozone molecules, carbon dioxide molecules or clouds.

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Evaluate the statements: 1. Two objects are in thermodynamic equilibrium when they have the same temperature. 2. If two objects of different temperatures are brought into contact with one another, they will establish a thermodynamic equilibrium.

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A subsidence inversion:

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Evaluate the statements: 1. The varying environmental lapse rates throughout the Earth's atmosphere are of critical importance in meteorology. 2. The dry adiabatic lapse rate for the Earth's atmosphere is constant. 3. The moist adiabatic lapse rate varies considerably because the amount of water vapour in the air is highly variable.

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The Earth's surface after being heated up by the insolation (in the form of short waves), it starts to transfer energy to the atmosphere in the form of long waves. This way of heat transfer is:

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When an air parcel that is saturated with water vapour rises, ...... than it would if it were not saturated.

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A thermometer is calibrated by marking two fixed points. The space between these fixed points is broken up into divisions called degrees. Degrees are used to indicate temperature. There are three types of temperature scales commonly used today: __(1)__, __(2)__, __(3)__.

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At the winter solstice (22 December), the southern hemisphere receives __(1)__ sunshine as it is summer there, while at the summer solstice (21 June), the northern hemisphere receives __(2)__ sunshine as it is summer time there.

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Evaluate the statements: 1. Maximum insolation is received over the subtropical desert, where the cloudiness is the least. 2. The heat capacity of the oceans is higher than the heat capacity of the continents.

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If the environmental lapse rate is larger than the dry adiabatic lapse rate:

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Which of the following statements about the angle of the insolation (solar radiation) with the surface of the Earth is correct?

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Incoming solar radiation is known as __(1)__. It is received in the form of __(2)__ waves which are of electromagnetic nature.

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About __(1)__ of insolation is reflected into space even before reaching the Earth's surface. The remaining __(2)__ is absorbed (14 % within the atmosphere and 51 % by the Earth's surface).

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The dry adiabatic lapse rate for the Earth's atmosphere equals __(1)__ per kilometer, and this value is not highly variable. The environmental lapse rate (ELR) value is highly variable, but an average value is __(2)__ per kilometre for an idealised ISA.

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Which option best describes the inversion "valley inversion"?

Atmospheric Pressure

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What is the reduction of the station pressure to mean sea level, if the station is 64m AMSL, and the barometer at the station shows 1024 hPa?

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When isobars make a sharp bend around a Low, this bend area is called a:

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"As air swirls outward away from the center of surface high pressure, upper-level convergence allows air columns to gain mass"

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What is the area is called when isobars make a sharp bend around a High?:

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An elongated area of relatively high pressure is known as:

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What is an elongated area of relatively low pressure called?

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In the northern hemisphere, if you look into the wind, the lower pressure:

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The atmosphere is always trying to correct imbalances. As a result, the convergence of air around a surface low is approximately offset by __(1)__. The divergence of air around a surface high is approximately offset by __(2)__.

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As elevation __(1)__, atmospheric pressure __(2)__.

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Evaluate the statements: 1. Winds always blow directly along the isobars. 2. The closer the isobars, the stronger the winds.

11 / 16

Determine at what altitude the air pressure is half than at sea level.

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The isobars make shapes and patterns. When they enclose an area of low pressure, what is it called?

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While air swirls inward and converges into the centre of surface low pressure, an "upper-level disturbance" causes divergence aloft that allows air columns to shed weight.

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The __(1)__ the isobars, the __(2)__ the winds.

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On mean sea level (MSL) weather charts, isobars join together places with equal air:

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Isobars can make shapes and patterns. When isobars enclose an area of high pressure, it is called:

Air Density

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The base atmospheric ISA density is:

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Density is __(1)__ and __(2)__.

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Evaluate the statements: 1. If the pressure is lower, the air is less dense. 2. Lower air pressure means a lower density altitude and better aircraft performance.

ICAO standard atmosphere

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What is the ISA value of temperature at mean sea level?

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What is the ISA value of pressure at mean sea level?

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Evaluate the statements: 1. The higher the altitude, the less dense the air. 2. When operating on airports at higher elevations, special attention is required when calculating aircraft performance data.

Altimetry

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With ...... set on the subscale, your altimeter will read zero on the reference point of the airport.

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With ...... set in the subscale, your altimeter will show flight level.

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The indicated altitude is 2000 ft and the outside air temperature (OAT) is -15 °C. Calculate the true altitude:

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Evaluate the statements: 1. Altimeters are affected by the venturi effect of winds blowing across the terrain. 2. The winds create a localized "low pressure area".

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The density of the air __(1)__ with increasing altitude. A "high" density altitude means that air density is reduced, __(2)__.

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If the value indicated by an altimeter is based upon standard 1013.25 hPa reference, then the indicated value is:

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If the value indicated by an altimeter is the elevation of the aircraft above runway threshold, then the indicated value is:

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If the value indicated by an altimeter is the elevation of the aircraft above mean sea level (AMSL), then the indicated value is:

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At high ambient temperatures, the atmosphere retains a higher water vapour content. The air density changes because water vapour weighs __(1)__ than dry air. Therefore, as the water content of the air increases, the air becomes __(2)__, __(3)__ density altitude and __(4)__ performance.

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True altitude:

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You are at an airport where pressure altitude is 5500 ft. SAT is +35 °C. What is density altitude?

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Pressure altitude:

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Absolute altitude:

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Indicated altitude:

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The __(1)__ the air, the less dense it is. When the temperature rises above the standard temperature for a particular place, the density of the air in that location is __(2)__, and the density altitude __(3)__.

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If the altimeter reference is set to QNH:

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Density altitude:

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When temperature is __(1)__ than ISA an aircraft will be __(2)__ than the altimeter reading.

Definition and measurement of wind

1 / 2

According to ICAO, a windsock is mounted at a mast height so that it is clearly visible, and the taper of the fabric windsock from the throat to the trailing end must be designed to cause the windsock to fully extend when exposed to a wind of:

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The wind given by the Tower is based on:

Primary cause of wind

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Wind can be considered as __(1)__ flow of atmospheric air. The predominant factor behind wind formation is __(2)__.

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Due to the __(1)___ rotation speed at the Equator compared to the poles, if you throw a ball in a straight line toward the North in the Northern Hemisphere, it will seem to land to the __(2)___ of your position because the ground beneath it is moving slower.

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Air flows from regions of __(1)__ atmospheric pressure. However, when the wind speed increases, the Coriolis effect, caused by __(2)__, influences the wind's direction, causing it to align with the isobars.

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In the Northern Hemisphere, if a person stands with his back to the wind, the atmospheric pressure is:

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When winds are subject to __(1)__, they cause air to flow outward from the region. This kind of flow is typically associated with __(2)__.

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To find surface wind direction, you need to take the wind which is parallel to the isobars and:

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What happens to the Coriolis force when friction slows the wind speed down?

General global circulation

1 / 4

Which of the following winds predominantly affect weather systems in the mid-latitudes (30 to 60 degrees)?

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What is the name of the wind pattern that blows from east to west between 30° north and south?

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What is the primary cause of the Earth's general global circulation (wind)?

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Which wind pattern is found near the equator and is characterized by calm conditions with little wind?

Local winds

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A land breeze:

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A Sea breeze:

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Katabatic winds:

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Anabatic winds:

Mountain waves (standing waves, lee waves)

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Lee waves are standing waves in the air that form ...... of a hill or mountain range as winds pass over them.

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Mountain waves:

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What are other words for Mountain Waves?:

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What conditions are needed for the formation mountain waves?

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Evaluate the statements: 1. When airflow approaches a mountain at an almost right angle, it rises while traversing the mountain. If it reaches an inversion layer, the airflow is pushed downward. 2. Given the stability of the air, it endeavours to return to its original elevation, sparking an oscillation. As air ascends within the wave pattern, it cools and condenses into a cloud that settles atop each wave crest. This cloud displays a distinct lens-like shape.

Turbulence

1 / 8

Select the correct option(s) about heating of the earth's surface and thermal turbulence:

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Refer to figure ppl-050-005. Based on the attached figure, what is the meaning of the sign?

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Refer to figure ppl-050-017. Based on the attached figure, what is the meaning of the sign?

4 / 8

Wind shear exists:

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Severe turbulence:

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Light turbulence:

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Which of the following statements refer to "moderate turbulence"?

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The __(1)__ the wind, the more irregular the terrain and the __(2)__ the air, the stronger the turbulence.

Humidity

1 / 2

What is the "mixing ratio"?

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Which of the following quantities remains unchanged if unsaturated air is lifted until it reaches the condensation level?

Change of state of water

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In the atmospheric water / water vapor system an increase in temperature leads to ...... evaporation and an increase in pressure leads to ...... evaporation.

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Condensation may occur by:

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Select the correct option(s):

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Select the correct option(s):

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The __(1)__ the dew point rises, the __(2)__ the amount of moisture the air can hold.

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Select the correct option(s):

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Select the correct option(s):

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Select the correct option(s):

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Select the correct option(s):

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When energy is removed, decreasing the substance's temperature and turning from gas to liquid is called:

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When thermal energy is added to a substance, its temperature increases, which can change its state from liquid to gas. This is called:

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When thermal energy is added to a substance, its temperature increases, which can change its state from solid to liquid. This is called:

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Whenever a water molecule leaves a surface and diffuses into a surrounding gas, it is said to have:

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When energy is removed, decreasing the substance's temperature and turning it from liquid to solid is called:

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When thermal energy is added to a substance, its temperature increases, which can change its state from or solid to gas. This is called:

Adiabatic processes

1 / 8

Dry Adiabatic Lapse Rate (DALR):

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Refer to figure ppl-050-006. What does the attached diagram show?

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Refer to figure ppl-050-007. What does the attached diagram show?

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Select the correct option.

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Refer to figure ppl-050-008. What does the attached diagram show?

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Environmental Lapse Rate (ELR):

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Adiabatic means:

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Saturated Adiabatic Lapse Rate (SALR):

Cloud formation and description

1 / 31

The signs of an inversion are the following:

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A temperature ...... is a layer in the atmosphere in which air temperature increases with height.

3 / 31

Refer to figure ppl-050-010. What clouds are depicted in the figure?

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Main type(s) of low clouds include:

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Select the correct option.

6 / 31

Refer to figure ppl-050-011. Which of the following figures shows Altocumulus lenticularis?

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Refer to figure ppl-050-009. What is cloud number 6?

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Refer to figure ppl-050-009. What is cloud number 10?

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Refer to figure ppl-050-009. What is cloud number 1?

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Refer to figure ppl-050-009. What is cloud number 5?

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Refer to figure ppl-050-009. What is cloud number 7?

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Refer to figure ppl-050-009. What is cloud number 4?

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Refer to figure ppl-050-009. What is cloud number 2?

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Refer to figure ppl-050-009. What is cloud number 3?

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Refer to figure ppl-050-009. What is cloud number 8?

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Refer to figure ppl-050-009. What is cloud number 9?

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Refer to figure ppl-050-012. What type of clouds are present in the attached figure?

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Refer to figure ppl-050-013. What type of clouds are present in the attached figure?

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Refer to figure ppl-050-014. What clouds are depicted in the attached figure?

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Mid-level clouds:

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High-level clouds:

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Refer to figure ppl-050-015. What type of clouds are present in the attached figure?

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Refer to figure ppl-050-016. What clouds are depicted in the figure?

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If an air parcel is lifted where will condensation occur?

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Refer to figure ppl-050-011. Which of the following figures shows a towering cumulus cloud?

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What is formed when water vapour is added to air that is much colder than the water vapour's source? (Commonly occuring when very cold air drifts across relatively warm water)

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When warm rain falls through cooler air, it can make the surrounding air saturated with moisture and form a thick layer of fog. This usually happens with warm fronts. This type of fog is:

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What forms when warm, moist air passes over a cool surface.

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By definition in fog visibility is less than:

30 / 31

What forms in the evening when the heat absorbed by the Earth's surface during the day is radiated into the air at night?

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When warm moist air is forced up the slope of a mountain, it cools and the water vapor condenses into:

Types and development of precipitation

1 / 3

From the following options, select the correct phases of the development of precipitation.

2 / 3

What kind of cloud can produce rain or snow?

3 / 3

What kind of cloud can give drizzle?

Air masses

1 / 6

Select the correct option(s):

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Select the correct option(s):

3 / 6

Select the correct option(s):

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Thermodynamic modification of an air mass:

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Air masses can be classified on the basis of their geographical locations as:

6 / 6

Select the correct option.

Fronts

1 / 21

After the cold front:

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Choose the correct option:

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The front is the sloping boundary which separates:

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Select the correct option(s):

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After the passage of the cold front:

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If warm front is approaching:

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If a cold front is approaching:

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After the passage of a warm front:

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The sequence of clouds form, in case of warm front of stable warm air:

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In case of a cold front:

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If a cold front is passing over:

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What is the sloping frontal surface along which cold air invades the warm air territory and being denser remains at the ground but forcibly uplifts the warm and light air.

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The warm front precipitation in thr case of stable warm air is:

14 / 21

From the following options, select the correct and most complete answer:

15 / 21

Select the correct option.

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Select the correct option.

17 / 21

What type of front is formed when a cold front overtakes warm front and warm air is completely displaced from the ground surface?

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An occluded front:

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What front is that gently sloping frontal surface along which warm and light air rises slowly over cold and dense air?

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If a warm front is passing over:

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A cold front is associated with:

Anticyclone

1 / 6

Select the correct option(s):

2 / 6

Cold anticyclones:

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When isobars enclose an area of high pressure this is called a:

4 / 6

Select the correct option(s):

5 / 6

When isobars turn a sharp corner around a High, they form what is called a:

6 / 6

Which of the following options on anticyclones (high pressure) is correct?

Non-frontal depressions

1 / 4

Tropical Maritime (Warm air) migrating to the north from the tropics meets Polar Maritime (cold dense air) migrating south from the Polar region.

2 / 4

Select the correct option(s):

3 / 4

If an air mass is lifted by a mountain range, may cause a __(1)__ on the leeward slope causing the formation of a localised __(2)__.

4 / 4

When isobars turn a sharp corner around a Low they form a: